The Future of Communication Engineering: The Case of Vehicle-to-Grid Hybrid Cars, Plug-In Hybrids, and Electric Cars

Abstract

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) hybrid cars constitute systems whereby plug-in electric vehicles such as plug-in hybrids (PHEV) and electric cars (BEV) engage in communications with power grids for purposes of selling demand response services by either throttling their charging rate or returning electricity. Indeed, V2G has been observed to be used in gridable vehicles (PHEV and BEV) with grid capacity [1-3]. With power generated from various sources that include renewable sources of energy (such as hydro, solar, and wind power) and thermal power plants, it (power) flows in a unidirectional manner into the system before being distributed through the grid.